Myth #2: UDL is Differentiated Instruction (DI) UDL and DI are built on fundamentally different values of who is in charge of a student’s learning. The primary goal of UDL is to create expert learners. UDL honors student variability and removes barriers to student learning by embracing differences. When teachers differentiate instruction ...Universal Design for Learning (UDL) is a set of principles for curriculum development that give all individuals equal opportunities to learn, including Students with Disabilities. UDL aims to improve the educational experience of all students by introducing more flexible methods of teaching, assessment and service provision to cater for the ... Universal Design for Learning (UDL) is a way of thinking about teaching and learning that helps give all students an equal opportunity to succeed. This approach offers flexibility in the ways students access material, engage with it and show what they know. Developing lesson plans this way helps all kids, but it may be especially helpful for ... Download the UDL Guidelines. Research Evidence. Learn more about the research evidence used to develop the Guidelines.Learn more about how Universal Design for Learning (UDL), a framework developed by CAST, can help you design your lessons to meet the needs of all your students. Planning a lesson with UDL includes three stages: Proactive design, implementation of the lesson, and reflection and redesign. Download a step-by-step UDL lesson planning template. UDL Resource Roundup. Universal Design for Learning also known as UDL, is an education framework based on decades of research in neuroscience and endorsed by the Every Student Succeeds Act. UDL is considered best practice for teaching all students in an inclusive learning environment.accumulation of experiences and takes time. Collaborating with a partner, as a member of a team of co Dreyfus, H. • Do your materials highlight big ideas, patterns,About the Book. Whether you’re already familiar with UDL but haven’t had the time to think through implementation strategies or are brand new to UDL, Transform Your Teaching with Universal Design for Learning: Six Steps to Jumpstart Your Practice by Jennifer L. Pusateri will enrich your practice and help you reach more learners.I'm not sure how many people use Notepad++, but I think it's stellar. I write a decent amount of network configs in IOS and JunOS, and I use functions like plugins, tabs, split windows, multiple windows, and especially user-defined languages.THE JOURNAL OF SPECIAL EDUCATION APPRENTICESHIP, 7(3) 4 information is presented, in the ways students respond or demonstrate knowledge and skills, and in the ways E. Dalton / Journal of Media Literacy Education 2017 9 (2), 17 – 29 17 Available online at www.jmle.org The National Association for Media Literacy Education’s Journal of Media Literacy Education 9 (2), 17 - 29Here are just a few examples of how UDL can work in a classroom. 1. Posted lesson goals. Having goals helps students know what they’re working to achieve. That’s why goals are always made apparent in a UDL classroom. One example of this is posting goals for specific lessons in the classroom. Universal Design for Learning’s (UDL) concept first originated in the field of architecture in which buildings were universally designed (e.g., providing ramps, elevators, or automatic doors) to be accessible by people with disabilities.Here are just a few examples of how UDL can work in a classroom. 1. Posted lesson goals. Having goals helps students know what they’re working to achieve. That’s why goals are always made apparent in a UDL classroom. One example of this is posting goals for specific lessons in the classroom.UDL is considered best practice for teaching all students in an inclusive learning environment. The goal of UDL is to create learners who are purposeful & motivated, resourceful & knowledgeable, and strategic & goal oriented, in other words, expert learners. With UDL, teachers transition their role to facilitator, removing barriers to learning ...Downloads. The evolution of CAST’s UDL Guidelines has been a dynamic, collaborative, and developmental process. We shared the first version of the Guidelines—Version 1.0—in 2008. Since that time, we have collected and specifically solicited feedback from the field. This feedback, along with the expanding research in the areas of UDL ... A Process for Getting Started. Loui Lord Nelson's process for getting started using UDL. Source: Nelson, L. L. (2014) Design and deliver: Planning and teaching using universal design for learning. Loui Lord Nelson suggests a process that starts and ends with reflecting on the needs and desired outcomes of your students: Reflect on the needs of ...UDL can help create a more inclusive NCEA experience for ākonga.Use these suggestions alongside the tools on NCEA Education to enhance your practice in inclusive assessment design. UDL is an approach that helps us anticipate barriers to learning and build in useful supports and options that can be offered to all. Source: Ministry of Education.Through the Lens of UDL. Symposium. Dates. Monday, July 31 – Tuesday, August 1, 2023. This year's Symposium will be held online and in-person at the Westin Denver Downtown. Universal Design for Learning (UDL) is a framework for addressing the educational needs of diverse and variable learners in many settings across many stages of life.Universal design for learning is unique because it requires teachers to think about the brain in a new way. A UDL-based curriculum would include lessons designed for all eight intelligences, based on Howard Gardner's research on multiple intelligences: Interpersonal. Logical-Mathematical. Linguistic.Downloads. The evolution of CAST’s UDL Guidelines has been a dynamic, collaborative, and developmental process. We shared the first version of the Guidelines—Version 1.0—in 2008. Since that time, we have collected and specifically solicited feedback from the field. This feedback, along with the expanding research in the areas of UDL ...136 Journal of Postsecondary Education and Disability Volume 19, Number 2 abilities; computer screen enlargers and text-to-speech readers for individuals with visual disabilities; electronicA Process for Getting Started. Loui Lord Nelson's process for getting started using UDL. Source: Nelson, L. L. (2014) Design and deliver: Planning and teaching using universal design for learning. Loui Lord Nelson suggests a process that starts and ends with reflecting on the needs and desired outcomes of your students: Reflect on the needs of ... Universal Design for Learning Blog Series: Part 2. Universal Design for Learning (UDL) is a framework to improve and optimize teaching and learning for all people based on scientific insights into how humans learn. In 2017, with support from the Davis Educational Foundation, Goodwin College established its first cohort of instructors to re ...This publication was prepared with funding from the U.S. Department of Education, Office of Vocational and Adult Education, TEAL Center Fact Sheet No. 2: Universal Design for Learning 2010 Universal Design for learning is a set of principles that provide teachers with a structure to develop instructions to meet the diverse needs of all learners. The UDL framework, first defined by David H. Rose, Ed.D. of the Harvard Graduate School of Education and the Center for Applied Special Technology (CAST) in the 1990s, [2] calls for ...Here is a reminder of their contact details: Dr Neil Pawlyn – [email protected]. Alison Simpson – [email protected]. Tom Baker – [email protected]. Dr Nick Burton – [email protected]. Ian Byworth – [email protected]. Mark Davies – [email protected]. Alan Fiddes – [email protected]. Karen Fraser – [email protected] is a framework to guide the design of learning environments that are accessible and challenging for all. Ultimately, the goal of UDL is to support learners to become “expert learners” who are, each in their own way, purposeful and motivated, resourceful and knowledgeable, and strategic and goal driven. UDL aims to change the design of ...Sep 13, 2020 · UDL is a set of guiding principles used in designing curriculum and lessons from the earliest stages so that the greatest number of students will be able to learn most effectively and deeply. The design process leads to flexible materials and lessons that can be utilized by all students. Fewer changes need to be made at the time of instruction ... Universitat de Lleida (UdL) / Som una universitat pública i de qualitat, pròxima alhora que oberta al món; referent en formació, recerca i innovació; compromesa amb la cooperació per al desenvolupament i la sostenibilitat, la justícia social i la igualtat d'oportunitats, i capdavantera en producció científica i cultural en múltiples àrees de coneixementUniversal Design for Learning’s (UDL) concept first originated in the field of architecture in which buildings were universally designed (e.g., providing ramps, elevators, or automatic doors) to be accessible by people with disabilities.The American Disabilities Act prompted rethinking about architectural design for disabled individuals. (Curb cuts, automatic doors) The concept ofDownloads. The evolution of CAST’s UDL Guidelines has been a dynamic, collaborative, and developmental process. We shared the first version of the Guidelines—Version 1.0—in 2008. Since that time, we have collected and specifically solicited feedback from the field. This feedback, along with the expanding research in the areas of UDL ...Universitat de Lleida (UdL) / Som una universitat pública i de qualitat, pròxima alhora que oberta al món; referent en formació, recerca i innovació; compromesa amb la cooperació per al desenvolupament i la sostenibilitat, la justícia social i la igualtat d'oportunitats, i capdavantera en producció científica i cultural en múltiples àrees de coneixement Jan 26, 2023 · Universal Design for Learning (UDL) in Early Childhood Education. Remove barriers and create equal learning opportunities for children using the universal design for learning (UDL) method. brightwheel. Blog. Child development. May 2, 2023 · Next, you’ll have to configure your server. See the following explanations to know what information is required. Once done, click Submit.; Cookie secure – this field allows you to secure visitor data. Abstract. This review presents the Universal Design Learning (UDL) approach to education. Classrooms have become increasingly diverse, with second language learners, students with disabilities, and students with differences in their perception and understanding information. Some students learn best through listening, while others learn best ...Assistive Technology. 5 Examples of Universal Design for Learning in the Classroom. Universal Design for Learning (UDL) is an approach to teaching aimed at meeting the needs of every student in a classroom. It can be helpful for all kids, including kids with learning and attention issues. But UDL takes careful planning by teachers.To address the remarkable variability among students in today’s diverse learning environments, educators are increasingly turning to Universal Design for Learning (UDL). UDL offers a framework for guiding the design of learning opportunities that are inclusive and challenging for all learners. Universal Design for Learning: Explore helps ...Physical Action Open/Close submenu. Vary the methods for response and navigation; Optimize access to tools and assistive technologies; Expression & Communication Open/Close submenuGet strategies that increase motivation and shift the drivers of learning to the students. UDL is a research-based framework that places great emphasis on building self-directed learners. Learners will explore the factors that drive motivation and how those can be leveraged in the classroom. UDL breaks down barriers and provides the gateway for ...Next, you’ll have to configure your server. See the following explanations to know what information is required. Once done, click Submit.; Cookie secure – this field allows you to secure visitor data.2 . table of contents. abstract 3. study design 4. purpose of the study 4 . methods 4 . literature review 8. section i: implementation of udl in k-12. 1 Representation. Learners differ in the ways that they perceive and comprehend information that is presented to them. For example, those with sensory disabilities (e.g., blindness or deafness); learning disabilities (e.g., dyslexia); language or cultural differences, and so forth may all require different ways of approaching content. accumulation of experiences and takes time. Collaborating with a partner, as a member of a team of co Dreyfus, H. • Do your materials highlight big ideas, patterns, Through the Lens of UDL. Symposium. Dates. Monday, July 31 – Tuesday, August 1, 2023. This year's Symposium will be held online and in-person at the Westin Denver Downtown. Universal Design for Learning (UDL) is a framework for addressing the educational needs of diverse and variable learners in many settings across many stages of life.Physical Action Open/Close submenu. Vary the methods for response and navigation; Optimize access to tools and assistive technologies; Expression & Communication Open/Close submenuSep 10, 2018 · Technology. UDL Practice. Digital Accessibility Standard. Current Law. Recommendations. Lecture-capture recordings. Encourage faculty to record lectures so that diverse learners can review lecture content. UDL is not a special education initiative, nor a general education initiative…it is an every child initiative. The roots of UDL are found in early civil rights and special education legislation that emphasized the right of all students to a free, appropriate public education in the least restrictive environment. What Universal Design is for the physical environment (curb cuts, ramps, motion ...The UDL Guidelines can be used by educators, curriculum developers, researchers, parents, and anyone else who wants to implement the UDL framework in a learning environment. These guidelines offer a set of concrete suggestions that can be applied to any discipline or domain to ensure that all learners can access and participate in meaningful ...Downloads. The evolution of CAST’s UDL Guidelines has been a dynamic, collaborative, and developmental process. We shared the first version of the Guidelines—Version 1.0—in 2008. Since that time, we have collected and specifically solicited feedback from the field. This feedback, along with the expanding research in the areas of UDL ... The UDL Guidelines can be used by educators, curriculum developers, researchers, parents, and anyone else who wants to implement the UDL framework in a learning environment. These guidelines offer a set of concrete suggestions that can be applied to any discipline or domain to ensure that all learners can access and participate in meaningful ...5 . The literature review summarized information from these sources: • Published peer-reviewed research studies on UDL-based interventions • Published articles and reports on UDL implementationUniversal Design for Learning (UDL) is a way of thinking about teaching and learning that helps give all students an equal opportunity to succeed. This approach offers flexibility in the ways students access material, engage with it and show what they know. Developing lesson plans this way helps all kids, but it may be especially helpful for ... Wednesday, February 17, 2016. This past December, Congress passed the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA), which replaces No Child Left Behind. And for the first time, the nation’s general K-12 education law defines and endorses Universal Design for Learning. As CAST’s friends at the National Down Syndrome Society (NDSS) point out—.Sep 1, 2023 · Examples of universal design for learning include the use of flexible workspaces, accessible digital texts, and student choice throughout learning experiences. Universal Design in Learning (UDL) is an educational framework that aims to create diverse and flexible learning environments that will accommodate a wide range of learner needs. Universal Design for Learning Guidelines. The UDL Guidelines are a tool used in the implementation of Universal Design for Learning. These guidelines offer a set of concrete suggestions that can be applied to any discipline or domain to ensure that all learners can access and participate in meaningful, challenging learning opportunities. 2021. 216. AVAILABILITY. Available Stock. Universal Design for Learning (UDL) is the best way to teach all students effectively and break down barriers to learning—but how can busy teachers get started with UDL right now? Find the answers in the second edition of this bestselling, teacher-trusted primer, created by internationally recognized ...To address the remarkable variability among students in today’s diverse learning environments, educators are increasingly turning to Universal Design for Learning (UDL). UDL offers a framework for guiding the design of learning opportunities that are inclusive and challenging for all learners. Universal Design for Learning: Explore helps ...1. Know your students’ strengths and barriers. All students are unique, and the way they learn best can be as individual as a fingerprint. Some students learn best by reading and working independently, while others excel by watching videos and working in groups. The goal is to understand their strengths and barriers, and to use that when ...Jan 22, 2011 · The only thing not working is local connections. Well, there is many possible reason for a connection to work remotely but not locally. The configuration of the firewall is the first one that come to mind; there is also this eternal problem between TCP/IP and any loopback on the same machine. Universal Design for Learning Guidelines. The UDL Guidelines are a tool used in the implementation of Universal Design for Learning. These guidelines offer a set of concrete suggestions that can be applied to any discipline or domain to ensure that all learners can access and participate in meaningful, challenging learning opportunities. Sep 1, 2023 · Examples of universal design for learning include the use of flexible workspaces, accessible digital texts, and student choice throughout learning experiences. Universal Design in Learning (UDL) is an educational framework that aims to create diverse and flexible learning environments that will accommodate a wide range of learner needs. About the Book. Whether you’re already familiar with UDL but haven’t had the time to think through implementation strategies or are brand new to UDL, Transform Your Teaching with Universal Design for Learning: Six Steps to Jumpstart Your Practice by Jennifer L. Pusateri will enrich your practice and help you reach more learners.Download the UDL Guidelines. Research Evidence. Learn more about the research evidence used to develop the Guidelines. Organizing activities: It is based on the UDL principle of engagement. The use of activities like role-playing, board games, time management activities, team-building activities, and other proponents of active learning exemplifies UDL. Teacher-parent meetings: Including parents in the concept-building process and organizing interactive sessions ...Assistive Technology. 5 Examples of Universal Design for Learning in the Classroom. Universal Design for Learning (UDL) is an approach to teaching aimed at meeting the needs of every student in a classroom. It can be helpful for all kids, including kids with learning and attention issues. But UDL takes careful planning by teachers.THE JOURNAL OF SPECIAL EDUCATION APPRENTICESHIP, 7(3) 4 information is presented, in the ways students respond or demonstrate knowledge and skills, and in the ways Universal Design for Learning (UDL) in Early Childhood Education. Remove barriers and create equal learning opportunities for children using the universal design for learning (UDL) method. brightwheel. Blog. Child development.By contrast, UDL is a framework for the teacher to proactively customize/create the lesson for the broadest range of students from the beginning. In other words, UDL proactively evaluates the classroom instruction and environment and provides access to the content on the front end; DI reactively evaluates individual students and retrofits and ...UDL has three main principles: Offer kids information in multiple ways, like text, audio or video, or some combination, to make sure they understand. Let kids show what they know in multiple ways, since kids express themselves differently. Find multiple ways to engage kids in learning, from traditional books to projects to games, or some ...CAST offers many opportunities for educators at all levels—and their organizations—to build their understanding and practice of Universal Design for Learning (UDL), accessibility, and professional development. We also have several long term projects related to educator and instructor professional learning and its impacts on teaching and ...Universal Design for Learning (UDL) is a set of principles for curriculum development that give all individuals equal opportunities to learn, including Students with Disabilities. UDL aims to improve the educational experience of all students by introducing more flexible methods of teaching, assessment and service provision to cater for the ...Feb 4, 2022 · Embracing the following four beliefs is the first step in designing learning experiences that serve all students. 1. All students can reach the high expectations we set. When we set firm goals for all students, we’re sending the message that we believe they’re capable. We start by clearly identifying the goals we’re focusing on. Sep 13, 2020 · UDL is a set of guiding principles used in designing curriculum and lessons from the earliest stages so that the greatest number of students will be able to learn most effectively and deeply. The design process leads to flexible materials and lessons that can be utilized by all students. Fewer changes need to be made at the time of instruction ... A Student-Centered Syllabus. Based on cognitive neuroscience research, Universal Design for Learning (UDL), a scholastic framework, centers around the awareness that everyone has a unique set of capabilities and short-comings, and that a syllabus is either abled or disabled — not the student. By accepting and anticipating the assortment of ...Next, you’ll have to configure your server. See the following explanations to know what information is required. Once done, click Submit.; Cookie secure – this field allows you to secure visitor data.Myth #2: UDL is Differentiated Instruction (DI) UDL and DI are built on fundamentally different values of who is in charge of a student’s learning. The primary goal of UDL is to create expert learners. UDL honors student variability and removes barriers to student learning by embracing differences. When teachers differentiate instruction ...Welcome to the Unified Data Library. The UDL is an enterprise data repository for managing access, integration, and dissemination of data across multiple levels of security.Universal Design for Learning (UDL) provides a framework to help teachers do this. Universal Design (UD) was originally coined by Ron Mace at North Carolina State University as an architectural approach to building structures that includes accessibility features in the original designs.Puts Google Chrome into read mode for a pleasant reading experience. Just click on the glasses icon in the address bar, the current page will turn into a nice-to-read black on white page allowing you to read without forcing your eyes. Ads and Flash animations are also removed while on read-mode. Click the icon again and everything will go back ...Universal Design for Learning Blog Series: Part 2. Universal Design for Learning (UDL) is a framework to improve and optimize teaching and learning for all people based on scientific insights into how humans learn. In 2017, with support from the Davis Educational Foundation, Goodwin College established its first cohort of instructors to re ...checkpoint 8.3Foster collaboration and community. Foster collaboration and community. In the 21 st century, all learners must be able to communicate and collaborate effectively within a community of learners. This is easier for some than others, but remains a goal for all learners. The distribution of mentoring through peers can greatly ... Universal Design for Learning (UDL) is a set of principles to develop learning environments that give all individuals equal opportunities to learn. UDL proposes not a single, one-size-fits-all solution but rather a set of flexible scaffolds and supports that can meet individual needs. Individual learners are very different from one another and ... Universal Design for Learning Blog Series: Part 2. Universal Design for Learning (UDL) is a framework to improve and optimize teaching and learning for all people based on scientific insights into how humans learn. In 2017, with support from the Davis Educational Foundation, Goodwin College established its first cohort of instructors to re ...
Oct 18, 2017 · Universal Design for Learning Blog Series: Part 2. Universal Design for Learning (UDL) is a framework to improve and optimize teaching and learning for all people based on scientific insights into how humans learn. In 2017, with support from the Davis Educational Foundation, Goodwin College established its first cohort of instructors to re ... . Whatpercent27s on me tv
I'm not sure how many people use Notepad++, but I think it's stellar. I write a decent amount of network configs in IOS and JunOS, and I use functions like plugins, tabs, split windows, multiple windows, and especially user-defined languages.accumulation of experiences and takes time. Collaborating with a partner, as a member of a team of co Dreyfus, H. • Do your materials highlight big ideas, patterns,Here is a reminder of their contact details: Dr Neil Pawlyn – [email protected]. Alison Simpson – [email protected]. Tom Baker – [email protected]. Dr Nick Burton – [email protected]. Ian Byworth – [email protected]. Mark Davies – [email protected]. Alan Fiddes – [email protected]. Karen Fraser – [email protected] can help create a more inclusive NCEA experience for ākonga.Use these suggestions alongside the tools on NCEA Education to enhance your practice in inclusive assessment design. UDL is an approach that helps us anticipate barriers to learning and build in useful supports and options that can be offered to all. Source: Ministry of Education. Aug 9, 2021 · 1. Executive Summary . This technical paper, commissioned by International Disability Alliance (IDA) as part of its Inclusive Education Flagship initiative, aimsto inform IDA’s constituencyabout Feb 4, 2022 · Embracing the following four beliefs is the first step in designing learning experiences that serve all students. 1. All students can reach the high expectations we set. When we set firm goals for all students, we’re sending the message that we believe they’re capable. We start by clearly identifying the goals we’re focusing on. 2021. 216. AVAILABILITY. Available Stock. Universal Design for Learning (UDL) is the best way to teach all students effectively and break down barriers to learning—but how can busy teachers get started with UDL right now? Find the answers in the second edition of this bestselling, teacher-trusted primer, created by internationally recognized ...Sep 2, 2022 · Affective networks: provide multiple means of engagement. The affective network is a critical component of the three guiding principles as it is concerned with how learners emotionally respond to and engage with subject material and knowledge (Hitchcock et al., Citation 2002). Universal Design for Learning (UDL) is a set of principles to develop learning environments that give all individuals equal opportunities to learn. UDL proposes not a single, one-size-fits-all solution but rather a set of flexible scaffolds and supports that can meet individual needs. Individual learners are very different from one another and ... Learn more about how Universal Design for Learning (UDL), a framework developed by CAST, can help you design your lessons to meet the needs of all your students. Planning a lesson with UDL includes three stages: Proactive design, implementation of the lesson, and reflection and redesign. Download a step-by-step UDL lesson planning template. By contrast, UDL is a framework for the teacher to proactively customize/create the lesson for the broadest range of students from the beginning. In other words, UDL proactively evaluates the classroom instruction and environment and provides access to the content on the front end; DI reactively evaluates individual students and retrofits and ...Here are just a few examples of how UDL can work in a classroom. 1. Posted lesson goals. Having goals helps students know what they’re working to achieve. That’s why goals are always made apparent in a UDL classroom. One example of this is posting goals for specific lessons in the classroom. Sep 1, 2023 · Examples of universal design for learning include the use of flexible workspaces, accessible digital texts, and student choice throughout learning experiences. Universal Design in Learning (UDL) is an educational framework that aims to create diverse and flexible learning environments that will accommodate a wide range of learner needs. Universal Design for Learning, or UDL, is a way of thinking about teaching and learning that addresses this fundamental question. UDL was developed by CAST to help educators design learning experiences that are accessible and challenging for all students. UDL isn’t a curriculum or an intervention. Rather, UDL is a framework that helps ...A Student-Centered Syllabus. Based on cognitive neuroscience research, Universal Design for Learning (UDL), a scholastic framework, centers around the awareness that everyone has a unique set of capabilities and short-comings, and that a syllabus is either abled or disabled — not the student. By accepting and anticipating the assortment of ...Myth #2: UDL is Differentiated Instruction (DI) UDL and DI are built on fundamentally different values of who is in charge of a student’s learning. The primary goal of UDL is to create expert learners. UDL honors student variability and removes barriers to student learning by embracing differences. When teachers differentiate instruction ...checkpoint 8.3Foster collaboration and community. Foster collaboration and community. In the 21 st century, all learners must be able to communicate and collaborate effectively within a community of learners. This is easier for some than others, but remains a goal for all learners. The distribution of mentoring through peers can greatly ...The UDL Guidelines can be used by educators, curriculum developers, researchers, parents, and anyone else who wants to implement the UDL framework in a learning environment. These guidelines offer a set of concrete suggestions that can be applied to any discipline or domain to ensure that all learners can access and participate in meaningful ... Abstract. This review presents the Universal Design Learning (UDL) approach to education. Classrooms have become increasingly diverse, with second language learners, students with disabilities, and students with differences in their perception and understanding information. Some students learn best through listening, while others learn best ...May 25, 2021 · UDL Engagement Checkpoint: Optimize relevance, value, and authenticity. UDL Action and Expression Checkpoint: Use multiple media for communication. When verbs like “explain” or “appraise” are used in the student learning outcomes for a course, the obvious assessment vehicle for those learning outcomes might be a conventional essay. Jan 22, 2011 · The only thing not working is local connections. Well, there is many possible reason for a connection to work remotely but not locally. The configuration of the firewall is the first one that come to mind; there is also this eternal problem between TCP/IP and any loopback on the same machine. .